TIME TO REPUBLISH THIS ONE:
Below is my adaptation of one of the clearest representations that I have ever seen of when the roads diverge into quality improvement, evidence-based practice, & research. Well done, Dr. E.Schenk PhD MHI, RN-BC!
TIME TO REPUBLISH THIS ONE:
Below is my adaptation of one of the clearest representations that I have ever seen of when the roads diverge into quality improvement, evidence-based practice, & research. Well done, Dr. E.Schenk PhD MHI, RN-BC!
Cool. You completed your project and now want to publish it.
Beware! Predatory journals are ready to snap up your work! It helps them, but not you.
What is a predatory journal? One that can eat you and your paper alive.
Many predators are Open Access Journals. What are Open Access Journals? Ones “that use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access” (https://doaj.org/faq#definition).
Open Access Journals may be legitimate OR predatory.
How can you identify predatory journals? While perhaps not Mighty Mouse—yep, I’m showing my age—help from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is on the way. DOAJ provides a searchable list of LEGITIMATE open access journals (click here). A quick search for “nursing” yielded 7.
How does DOAJ define quality of journals? Quality open access journals “must exercise peer-review with an editor and an editorial board or editorial review (particularly in the Humanities) carried out by at least two editors” (https://doaj.org/faq#definition).
Is there a list of predatory open access journals? YES. To see one that is updated, click here. Also, you can help! If you find an open access journal that claims to have the DOAJ quality seal, but isn’t on the DOAJ legitimate journal list, DOAJ wants to hear from you!
For more on DOAJ, see https://doaj.org/: “DOAJ is a community-curated online directory that indexes and provides access to high quality, open access, peer-reviewed journals. DOAJ is independent.”
Stay safe. As Randy Newman sings, “It’s a jungle out there.”
-Dr.H
For new graduate RNs (& those who help them) entering the workforce, Dr. Pat Benner PhD RN FAAN, who wrote Novice to Expert, has some great, very practical advice: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxsBVPxS_zg (1:56) (hint: Remember the only behavior you can control is your own!)
And…it’s pretty good advice for any who assume a new job, too!
For More Information: If you want to know what it feels like sometimes to be a new grad RN, check out the 2 main themes and the subthemes voiced by new graduates in the free full-text: Hussein et al., (2017). New graduate nurses‘ experiences in a clinical specialty: a follow up study of newcomer perceptions of transitional support. BMC Nursing, 16(42). doi: 10.1186/s12912-017-0236-0. eCollection 2017.
Critical Thinking: Whether or not you are a new grad, did you have experiences similar to those in Hussein’s study? Can you use Benner’s suggestions to deal with the issues?
Researchers collect two types of data in their studies
One source of rich word or narrative (qualitative) data for answering nursing questions is nurses’ stories. Dr. Pat Benner RN, author of Novice to Expert explains two things we can do to help nurses fully tell their stories so we can learn the most from their practice.
Check out this excellent 2:59 video of Dr. Benner’s and revolutionize how you learn about nursing from nursing stories: Preview: The use of Narratives
Critical thinking: For a study using narratives in research see Leboul et al. (2017). Palliative sedation challenging the professional competency of health care providers and staff: A qualitative focus group and personal written narrative study. [full text available thru PubMed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28399846]. 1) Do you think the authors listened and unpacked information from the focus groups & written narratives; 2) Do you think there might be a difference in the way people write narratives and verbally tell narratives? 3) How might that difference if any affect the research findings?
For more information: Check out The Power of Story by Wang & Geale (2015) at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000496
Quasi-experiments are a lot of work, yet don’t have the same scientific power to show cause and effect, as do randomized controlled trials (RCTs). An RCT would provide better support for any hypothesis that X causes Y. [As a quick review of what quasi-experimental versus RCT studies are, see “Of Mice & Cheese” and/or “Out of Control (Groups).”]
So why do quasi-experimental studies at all? Why not always do RCTs when we are testing cause and effect? Here are 3 reasons:
#1 Sometimes ETHICALLY the researcher canNOT randomly assign subjects to a control and an experimental group. If the researcher wants to compare health outcomes of smokers with non-smokers, the researcher cannot assign some people to smoke and others not to smoke! Why? Because we already know that smoking has significant harmful effects. (Of course, in a dictatorship, by using the police a researcher could assign them to smoke or not smoke, but I don’t think we wanna go there.)
#2 Sometimes PHYSICALLY the researcher canNOT randomly assign subjects to control & experimental groups. If the researcher wants to compare health outcomes of
individuals from different countries, it is physically impossible to assign country of origin.
#3 Sometimes FINANCIALLY the researcher canNOT afford to assign subjects randomly to control & experimental groups. It costs $ & time to get a list of subjects and then assign them to control & experimental groups using random numbers table or drawing names from a hat.
Thus, researchers sometimes are left with little alternative, but to do a quasi-experiment as the next best thing to an RCT, then discuss its limitations in research reports.
Critical Thinking: You read a research study in which a researcher recruits the 1st 100 patients on a surgical ward January-March quarter as a control group. Then the researcher recruits the 2nd 100 patients on that same surgical ward April-June for the experimental group. With the experimental group, the staff uses a new, standardized pain script for better pain communications. Then the pain communication outcomes of each group are compared statistically.
For more info: see “Of Mice & Cheese” and/or “Out of Control (Groups).”
Two basic kinds of research design exist:
One particularly interesting “experimental” design is one in which 1 or 2 of the experimental design ideal requirements as listed above are missing. These are called quasi-experimental designs.
In a quasi experimental design
A quasi-experimental design is not as strong as a true experiment in showing that the manipulated variable X causes changes in the outcome variable Y. For example, a true experimental study with manipulation, randomization, and a control group would create much stronger evidence that hospital therapy dogs really reduced patient pain and anxiety. We would not be as confident in the results of a quasi-experimental design examining the exact same thing. In the next blog, we’ll examine why.
For more info: Check out earlier blog: “What is an RCT anyway?” at https://discoveringyourinnerscientist.com/2015/01/23/whats-a-randomized-controlled-trial/
Critical thinking: Go to PubMed & use search terms “experiment AND nurse” (without the quotation marks). Open an interesting abstract and look for the 3 elements of a classic experimental design. Now look for “quasi experiment AND nurse” (without the quotation marks.) See what element is missing!
So you want to do a research study? Wonderful!
Here are 5 bits of advice to get started:
You bring the great clinical ideas, & the experienced researcher will bring research design expertise. The design is the overall research plan for getting and analyzing the data to answer your question or to find out how well your new ideas work. That person will know the technical things you need to plan into your study in order to make the study ‘sparkle’ and to get approval from human subjects review committees. The person doesn’t have to be an expert on your topic. You fill that role, or soon will!
Searching for on-target literature from the millions of publications out there takes some special skills. Of course you can learn these on your own, but how much nicer to talk with a librarian about the key ideas in your project and allow them to use their special skills to help you. As an experience researcher, I can tell you that good librarians are worth their weight in gold! Librarians can help you find what others have learned about your topic already, and then you can build on that knowledge. [note: check out Finding the Needles in the Haystacks: Evidence Hunting Efficiently & Effectively for more]
What does that mean? It means that you will collect data about what the current situation is. For example, you might measure the average days to return of bowels sounds on your unit, OR the number of minutes it takes to do some task, OR the interruptions of patient sleep during the night. This will help you to establish whether or not there really is a problem to be solved. Descriptive studies are much simpler to conduct and analyze than experimental studies in which you measure something, make an improvement, and then see if the improvement improved things. For example, you would measure sleep interruptions, institute a quiet time, and then measure sleep interruptions again to see if there were fewer. [check out “What it is.” – a primer on descriptive studies for more]
Every researcher from time to time can feel ‘bogged down’ or bored with what they are doing, & one of the best protections against that is making sure you think the topic is super-interesting in the first place. If you get a little bored or stuck later don’t be surprised; it just means you’re pretty normal. Those stuck times might even feel like “hitting the wall” in a long race, and once you get past it things get better. Remind yourself why you loved the topic in the first place. Talk to your PhD friend or a mentor for encouragement. Take a little break. Read something really interesting about your topic.
While not every step of the research study process will make you want to jump up, sing, and dance, the process as a whole is really rewarding and great fun. You will be empowered by new learning—not just about your topic, but about how to do research!
Critical thinking: What’s a topic of interest to YOU? Write a descriptive question that you could answer with research. (Check out You Got A Problem With That? Try PICO*for more help.)
In a prior blog (Direct speaking about INdirect outcomes: HCAHPS as a measurement*), I argued that HCAHPS questions were indirect measures of outcomes. Indirect measures are weaker than direct measures because they are influenced by tons of variables that have nothing to do with the outcome of interest. But wait!! There’s more! HCAPS can sometimes be a DIRECT measure; it all depends on what you want to know.
(If you know this, then you are way ahead of many when it comes to measuring outcomes accurately!!)
KEY POINTS:
What is HCAHPS? HCAHPS (pronounced “H-caps”) questions are patient perceptions of what happened, which may or may not be what actually happened. Patients are asked to remember their care that happened in the past, and memories may be less than accurate. (See this link for more on what HCAHPS is: http://www.hcahpsonline.org/Files/HCAHPS_Fact_Sheet_June_2015.pdf )
Example: HCAHPS question #16 is, “Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for?” Whether the patient answers yes or no, the response tells us only how the patient remembers it.
Why is this important?
*FOR MORE INFORMATION on why you want to use DIRECT measures see https://discoveringyourinnerscientist.com/2016/11/04/direct-speaking-about-idirect-outcomes-hcahps-as-a-measurement/
CRITICAL THINKING: Pick any HCAHPS question at this link and write a research question that for which it would be a DIRECT outcome measure: (http://www.hcahpsonline.org/files/March%202016_Survey%20Instruments_English_Mail.pdf)
For your current project, how are you DIRECTLY measuring outcomes?
In the last post we compared stronger direct measures of outcomes with weaker indirect
measures of project outcomes.
So…what direct measures are you “baking into your project cake”? What do you hope will be your project outcome & what measurement will show that you achieved it? –pain scores? weight? skin integrity? patient reports of a sound night’s sleep? Share your story. Help others learn.
Or if you just stuck with HCAHPS (or other) as outcome measure, explain why that was the best choice for your project. (Maybe in your case it was a direct measure!)
Happy measuring!
For More Info on direct vs. indirect measures & Critical thinking: Check out t Direct speaking about INdirect outcomes: HCAHPS as a measurement
Join the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International and more than 2,000 of your peers in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, 28 October – 1 November 2017, for the 44th Biennial Convention. Experience STTI’s largest event, which features more than 800 oral and poster presentations, networking opportunities, and more.
Call for Abstracts
Opportunities are now available to submit abstracts for the 44th Biennial Convention.
Submission Deadline: 9 November 2016.
For more information: http://www.nursingsociety.org/connect-engage/meetings-events/biennial-convention/call-for-abstracts